Cultural Issues in Middle School Essay Example for Free

Cultural Issues in Middle School EssayMiddle school is sensation of the most difficult situations of transition. Middle schoolers argon awkward, hard to deal with and conf apply. They arent children but certainly non adults. They are egocentric to say the least and collect little concern for the consequences of their actions. Yet, they are also one of the best ages to do work with, if one is willing to try to actualize their difficult lives. The culture in middle(a) school can be broken down as such sexuality, intellect, and social status. Sexually, these students have to deal with their changing bodies and feelings.They also have to try to understand how these feelings and changes fit in appropriately within the community. This is the area they are most sensitive toward. Intellectually, students have to decide if being smart is something they are willing to do. In some environments, being smart is imperturbable, so those students who are gifted have no trouble fitting in. In other schools, these students are outcasts. When it is not cool to be smart, many students have a hard decision to make. If they show their gifts, they may sacrifice social standing.When it is cool, the struggling students feel even more left over(p) out and troubled. At times, these students may even act dumber to try to hide how much they truly struggle. Social status varies with each school environment. Wealth, possessions, address, family legacy and gymnastic ability are all indicators of success. Middle school is a contest and students are constantly scrutinizing each other to see who will win, popularity being the prize, of course. in that location are leaders and followers the status symbols then change as the leaders themselves change.Whether it is the newest clothing label, shoe or track star, the culture of middle school is dominated by judgment. Evaluation The Illuminative Model of Evaluation rests its assessment on military operation. It appraises based on qua litative analysis of a situation in secern to understand its initiation as clearly as its conclusion. Thus, in order to evaluate a situation, one must observe the effects of the operation not simply look at data. The following utensils of assessment are based upon that model and are applied to the curriculum overall. Several lessons will be used that typify the learning environment created within the classroom.Evaluation One How does this lesson provide skills that work extracurricular the testing environment? To evaluate this lesson, the calendar of lessons was assessed. Questions were asked such as, how do the lessons flow and what overall messages are the students receiving? Can they define, find and apply the concepts discussed in class? Upon reviewing the lessons, they seem to present isolated concepts. The entire unit is look into process and narrative writing techniques which are two genres and should be taught separately. These lessons are trying to do way too much too fast.Middle school students are more successful when you break the process down and connect it to real world reasons for completing the work. If they wouldve started with day five, reading the memoir, then they could use the text to cooperate define and find the language. Once they can do that, then they can apply the concepts such as writing dialogue, good word choice and development sensory language. The lesson plans as they are, present interesting skill sets but they arent connected to the question of, how do I apply this to reading and writing outside school.These skills might help them pass a test, but if you ask them to write dialogue, they will not know how. The non-fiction author board is a great intellection but is not developed. They are completing tasks that have a function. This project should be enhanced by having students read Georgia authors and doing actual research and a research project on their author. This schedule needs to be totally revamped in order to ser ve the real world needs of the students. Evaluation ii Does this lesson connect to a home environment? As is, there is no connection with the home environment.This will lessen the importance of the work and disconnect the families from what the students are learning. To enhance the process, when having the students write narratives, why not have them collect narratives from family members? This validates the home environment while creating an interest in the school environment at home. For the research section, they could research their family tree or conduct a survey at home regarding their familys favorite authors. The greater the involvement from the home, the greater opportunity to work with the family for the students well being.Evaluation Three What purpose does technology serve? This also needs improvement. There is no use of technology which plant against evaluative point number one. In the larger society, students must be technologically literate. Students should research using the internet, present their projects via power point, and utilize online oral record collections to hear memoirs. Computers should not only be used to type in language arts but should be used as a tool for diversification of learning styles and presentation methods. Conclusion Overall, the learning process in this curriculum model needs to be improved.The questions of evaluation, based on the Illuminative Model, show that the process is flawed. Although there are many interesting lessons, they dont flow together to teach an entire concept that can be applied to a real world learning situation. The terms need to be taught as part of an entire concept. Students can then define, find and apply what they have learn rather than simply be occupied for a 45 minute block of time. According to this model, students are more successful when the process is improved. The product should be the last point of evaluation rather than the first.

The Native American Medicine Man Essay Example for Free

The indigene American Medicine Man EssayThe intrinsic American music spell, similarly known as a shaman (modern term), priest, healer, and nevertheless a Star Being were known to be the spiritual leaders of primaeval American cultures. e really(prenominal)(prenominal) medicine man was unique in his own way simply because each ingrained American tribe had their own origin of spirituality and spiritual beliefs. Each medicine man had their own theory on how to rid people of their troubles and ease their pain when they were ill or in just about variant of distress. In this research paper I will be examining different medicine man practices and beliefs from the inherent American tribes of the capital of Wyoming, Iroquois, and the Sioux Indians. I will be discussing some of the most common illnesses that Native Americans faced among their tribes and what the medicine men or women did to help. I will similarly be discussing the different resources the medicine man used, i ncluding plants for herb tea remedies and other objects, in his method of curing or helping a tolerant and lastly I will be discussing how some techniques draw been renew and are still used today.To pop with our observation, let us start by understanding more about the medicine man himself and how the medicine man was perceived amongst his tribe. Even though each medicine man was unique in his practices, each medicine man shared a common awe amongst their tribal members. In general, tribes have many similarities in regards to medical practices, except the actual methods used differ with the tribe and their locations, as headspring as with several(prenominal) healers themselves.Magic, prayers, songs, exhortation, suggestion, ceremonies, fetishes, and certain specifics and mechanical processes are employed yet by the medicine-men or medicine-women other specific remedies or procedures are proprietary, generally among a few onetime(a) women in the tribe while many vegetal remedies and simple manipulations are of common familiarity in a given locality. The medicine man was non relied on to hunt and fish for food like other tribesmen were. The medicine man was more useful when he could be out spreading his tribes ghostlike beliefs to others as well as bringing peace to those roiling or ill.The medicine man was much like our modern day doctor, priest, psychiatrist, and counselor all rolled up into one big package that was relied on to heal not only a persons body but withal a persons spirit. He even sometimes served as a middle man to bring peace between humans troubled with other humans. The medicine man was like a virtual bridge between the natural world and the spiritual world for the benefit of his community. Practices and Beliefs As allege above, different techniques of healing were heterogeneous in a medicine mansmethods Magic, prayers, songs and ceremonies were the most common.Magicwas used to oppose an alleged harmful mould, such(preno minal) as hard drink of the absolutely, mythical animals, etc. Prayers in contrast, often addressed good hard drink as the medicine man would try to beseech upon their aid while he was attending his patient. Healing songs consisted of prayers or exhortations and were sung. Loud ranting wasalso done to ward off evil spirits that wereknown to cause sickness the loud noises was saidto frighten such evil spirits away. Ceremonies meant to restore a patient usually combined all or most of the techniques mentioned above.Some of them, as described about the Navaho Indians, were very complicated, drawn out, and tended to be costly. 3 The fetishes used are peculiarly shaped stones or wooden objects, lightning-riven wood, feathers, claws, hair, figurines of mythic animals, representations of the sun, of lightning, etc, and are supposed to embody a surreptitious power capable of preventing disease or of counteracting its effects. 3 Dieting and total self-restraint from food were also form s of treatment in some various localities. Cheyenne Indians.The Cheyenne Indians are known to be one of the most westerly tribes at first they were turn up on the Cheyenne (obviously where they got their name), which is a branch of the passing River of the North. As they were driven by the Sioux Indians, they began to occupy beyond the Missouri, and eventually ending up advance the Black Hills after being driven there cuddle the end of the eighteenth century. The medicine man was a very important person for the Cheyenne. He was like a combination of a doctor, a priest, and a healer both of the body and of the spirit.He, like other medicine men not only knew about the proper use of native plants in his surround area that had medicinal properties, but he also knew various ceremonies, chants, and songs which were supposed to wield magical powers for the benefit of individuals or for the whole tribe. He, like other medicine men, accepted items for trade as a method of payment instea d of U. S. currency. There are many types of religious beliefs and traditions passed on through generations that may influence the way the medicine man may aid those who are in wish.The Cheyenne for example, believed in spirit beings which resided in our universe (which they called the universe to Hestanov) and their holiness was comparative degree to their relationship to their believed creator of all physical and spiritual life, Maheoo. In Cheyenne religious expressions, aspects of these spirit-beings or the spirit-beings themselves are entwined symbolically with plant and animal forms envisioned in Cheyenne ceremonies. Many Cheyenne today view the worlds ecological crisis as an end to Hestanov. Disease came from both natural and supernatural causes for the Cheyenne. Curing techniques involved the use of herbal and root remedies, ritual purification, the sweat lodge, smoking, prayer, and sometimes surgery. Both men and women were healers. Treatment of sickness was designed to re store the patient not only biologically but spiritually as well. 8 Iroquois Indians The Iroquois Indians consisted of six tribes which were under one confederation The Mohawk Indians, the Seneca, the Oneida, the Cayuga, the Onondaga, and the Tuscarora.The Iroquois tribes were spread throughout much of what we now call New York. The Iroquois Indians also believed in spirit-beings. They believed that plagues and diseases were caused by evil spirits they attempted to cure the sick by holding a religious festival to film for the aid of their great spirit to rid their people of the bad spirits. They also believe that disease can infect a person simply from not fulfilling their dreams or their desires. They believe that sometimes a persons dreams can reveal what caused the disease, information which they used to cure the patient.To touch more on the radix of the Iroquois peoples belief in dreams (as this was a large part of their healing practices), they viewed dreams as experiences of the soul in which we may travel outside the body, across time and space, and into other dimensionsor receive visitations from ancestors or spiritual guides. They also believed that dreams revealed the wishes of ones soul, which would dig deeper, beyond our own personal goals and those of others entwined with ours, to create a more spirited life.They believe that dreams also allow us to find where our vital soul energy may have gone missingthrough pain or accidental injury or heartbreakand how to get it back. 7 Aside from their strong reliance from dreams, one of the most interesting objects that the Iroquois used during their healing rituals were wooden masks which were used to invoke spirits and the dream world. The healing ritual started off by telling the legendary history of how the mask came to be, the tribal members wearing the masks (known as the False Face community members) would go through homes looking for anyone who is diseased or ill.If a sick person is found, they w ould perform the healing ritual which consisted of using rattles made out of turn turtle shells and blown ashes from tobacco. The ritual dancing continued throughout the ceremony and ended with a ceremonial ash blowing and finalized it with a feast. These rituals were known to be performed three main(prenominal) times during the year, and smaller ceremonies were held whenever an ill person requested or overlookd it. 7 Navajo Indians The Navajo Indians were mainly located in the southwestern part of the United States, near Arizona and New Mexico. The medicine man of the Navajo culture was extremely important.The medicine man was not evaluate to just heal the ill and the injured, but he was also expected to hold the knowledge of their heritage, their traditions, and their beliefs of the Navajo culture. When the medicine man was called to perform a healing ceremony, he would come to heal and also come to tell the story of their people and how they emerged into this world. The medic ine man of the Navajo Indians (as well as other medicine men) had a lot of knowledge he was expected to hold. He was expected to spend many hours learning different ceremonial procedures (usually a total of three).He was expected to learn songs and prayers, which none of the wording could be missed or only bad things could happen to the patient. He was expected to learn about many different types of herbs as well as be expected to go out and gather the items he needed for his sacred medicine bag. He was also expected to purify himself by spending many hours with deep thoughts in a sweat hut. and he was also expected to have faith in the Great Spirit and in himself, all of which he needed to be able to successfully heal. The Navajo medicine man performed and learned several different ceremonies.Other than using the ceremonies to heal the ill, provide strength, and restore vitality to a patient ceremonies were also held to celebrate a girls puberty called the Beauty Way ceremony and to celebrate a babys first laugh called the Hooghan Blessin Ceremony. Navajo ceremonies were basically held to restore ones beauty, harmony, balance, and ones health. There are said to be approximately fifty-eight to sixty sacred ceremonies. Most of them last 4 days or more to be most effective, they require that relatives and friends attend and help out.Outsiders are often discouraged from participating in case they become a burden to others or violate a taboo. This could take up the turnout of the ceremony. The ceremony must be done in precisely the correct manner to heal the patient. This includes everyone that is involved. 14 Aside from the ceremonies (which seems to be the most habitual form of healing for the Navajo), the medicine man would use several different methods to find out what the diagnoses is on a patient.He used objects such as crystal rocks or used a chanting prayer while he shook his hands over the patients body, reciting healing chants for whatever ailment he suspected the patient to have, sometimes the chant would last a few hours. Common Ailments/Diseases Some possible causes of ailments could be the result of violating taboos believed by their Native American cultures. Contact with lightning-struck objects for example, or being exposed to animals such as snakes which were considered to be a taboo animal, or even being in contact with the dead were some of reasons that required healing and chants. Warriors often suffered spiritual and psychological damage from taking part in warfare.They would come back and a ceremony called the antagonist Way Ceremony would be performed in order to help restore the harmony back to the person, both mentally and emotionally. Curses were other reasons the medicine man would need to attend a patient. It wasnt until the European colonizations arrived that diseases the Native Americans could not control began to take hold of thousands upon thousands of lives. Before the Europeans arrived, the most common ailments were common colds, injuries, violating local taboos, psychological injuries, and those which were believed to be invoked by both good and bad spirits.After the Europeans arrived, the Native Americans had no immunity towards the most deadly disease, smallpox. Smallpox seemed to have come in waves, even destroying entire villages, not only because Native Americans had no immunity, but because they did not know how to treat the disease every. Other common diseases at that time were chromatic fever, cholera, influenza, whooping cough, and many more. Resources Used for Curing Many plants were used for herbal remedies to cure those who were ill. Some plants were used as remedies without any thought as to what they actually did for the patient. either tribe were aware of what the poisonous plants were in their surrounding areas, as well as their antidotes. Roots, occasionally twigs, leaves, bark, flowers and seeds were the most common plant parts used. The plants could be either fresh or dry, and most commonly the medicine man would extract the main ingredient he needed out of the plant. Generally only a single plant would need to be used, but among some Indians as many as four plants would be combined for a single medicine. 2 Animal and mineral substances were also occasionally used as remedies.Among Southwestern tribes the bite of a snake was often treated by applying to the wound a portion of the ventral surface of the body of the same snake. 2 Other animals used for remedies include crickets, lizards, and spiders eggs. Navajo Indians as well as some other Indian tribes used reddish-orange earthy iron oxide combined with fat to apply externally to prevent sunburn. The red, barren clay from beneath a campfire was used by exsanguinous Mountain Apache women to induce sterility the Hopi blow charcoal, ashes, or other products of fire on an inflamed surface to counteract the supposed fire which causes the ailment.2 Objects were also used to help cure ailment s. One object, for example, was used in Blackfeet Indians ceremonies was called a sacred medicine bundle, which the medicine man used and was expected to sing four hundred lengthy chants without missing a word or getting a stanza out of place. 2 Rattles were also used to aid with chants, as well as other miscellaneous objects that the medicine man felt would help call the Great Spirits for aid. Related Methods Used Today Presently, most Native Americans use modern medicine to cure afflictions, but native healers are still used by many people today.There are hospitals located on Indian reservations where modern day Native American doctors still perform healing chants to their patients. Other methods of healing, such as aromatherapy, is said to derive from Native Americans because with aromatherapy, candles, oils, and different things which produce a scent can alter ones mood as well as enhance the body, the mind, and the spirit. Many of the herbs used by Native Americans are the ones you can actually find in aspirin and other medications today. Many ingredients used in various modern medications are actually derived from Native American cultures.17 Several over- the counter and prescription drugs contain ingredients such as taxol, ergot, and vincristine, which were derived from Native American medicinal herbs. The OAM reported that cough drops that contain menthol, mint, horehound, or lemons are herbal preparations chamomile and mint teas taken for digestion or a nervous stomach are time- honored herbal remedies and many simple but effective OTC ache- and pain- relieving preparations on every druggists or grocers shelf contain oils of camphor, menthol, or eucalyptus. Millions of Americans greet the morning with their favorite herbal stimulant coffee.17 shoemakers last Native American medicine men have played a huge role in my mind when it comes to our modern day medical treatments. Without their knowledge of our natural plant and animal resources, I believe i t would have taken us quite a few more years before we would have discovered vaccinations for smallpox and treatments for other illnesses. I think we, decedents of our European ancestors, still greatly underestimate the knowledge of Native Americans even to this day. Native Americans kept themselves thinking(a) and free of major epidemics of disease until the Europeans settled on their land.Before medical technology became available, doctors relied on the Native American knowledge of nature and natural resources to cure a persons illnesses. People started to depend heavily on the modern medical technology forgetting about their roots in their Native American cultures. Advanced technology and improved medical ways seems to have made some people forget to thank and remember the Native American Indians who gave them their beginning knowledge to begin with. * Bibliography Cheyenne- Religion and Expressive Culture. http//www. everyculture. com/North-America/Cheyenne-Religion-and-Expres sive-Culture.html (accessed May 16, 2011). Handbook of American Indians, 1906. Access Genealogy. 1999-2011. http//www. accessgenealogy. com/native/tribes/history/indianmedicine. htm (accessed May 16, 2011). Iverson, Peter, Jennifer Nez Denetdale, and Ada E. Deer. The Navajo. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 2006. Lippert, Dorothy, and Stephen J Spignesi. Native American History For Dummies. Hoboken Wiley Publishing Inc, 2008. Mazaska Enterprises, LTD. Indian medicine men, spiritual leaders, priests and shamans. AAANative tricks. com. 1999-2005. http//www. aaanativearts. com/medicine_men. htm (accessed May 16, 2011).Michaele. Support Native American Art. 2010. http//www. support-native-american-art. com/iroquois-masks. html (accessed May 15, 2011). Moss, Robert. Dreamways of the Iroquois Honoring the Secret Wishes of the Soul. Rochester pot Books, 2004. Native Languages of the Americas. Native Languages of the Americas Native American Cultlures. 1998-2011. http//www. bigorrin. or g/mohawk_kids. htm (accessed May 15, 2011). Navajo Tourism. Discover Navajo. 2008. http//discovernavajo. com/a11. html (accessed May 16, 2011). Paul. Son of the South. 2003-2008. http//www. sonofthesouth. net/american-indians/cheyenne-indians.htm (accessed May 15, 2011). Primitive Concept of Disease. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. XXXII, 1932. Sandner, Donald. Navaho symbols of healing a Jungian exploration of ritual, image, and medicine. Rochester Healing Arts Press, 1991. Terpning, Howard. Medicine Man of the Cheyenne. National Academy of Western Art. Swoyers Fine Art Collections. The Study of Native Americans. February 11, 1998. http//inkido. indiana. edu/w310work/romac/native. htm (accessed May 16, 2011). Wolf, Melinda. Alternative Medicine A journey to proactive healthcare.CNI Newspapers , 1999. 1 . (Terpning n. d. ) 2 . (Mazaska Enterprises, LTD 1999-2005) 3 . (Handbook of American Indians, 1906 1999-2011) 4 . (Paul 200 3-2008) 5 . (Terpning n. d. ) 6 . (Cheyenne- Religion and Expressive Culture n. d. ) 7 . (Native Languages of the Americas 1998-2011) 8 . (Primitive Concept of Disease 1932) 9 . (Moss 2004) 10 . (Michaele 2010) 11 . (The Study of Native Americans 1998) 12 . (Navajo Tourism 2008) 13 . (Navajo Tourism 2008) 14 . (Iverson, Nez Denetdale and Deer 2006).

Socrates And Epicurus And Life After Death Philosophy Essay

Socrates And Epicurus And Life After Death Philosophy EssayThe idea of closing is discussed by both Socrates and Epicurus, with both philosophers having a mutual article of faith that it should non be feared. Socrates view is that there is either an afterlife, or that goal is an eternal snooze. Whereas Epicurus bases his belief on the fact that we should not fear that which does not inflict suffering. In this paper, I will examine both Epicurus and Socrates view on death and argue why I feel Socrates view on death is more rational than Epicurus.If we begin with Socrates and his idea of life after death, we toilette see that he implies death brings the soul to a better place. In Socrates final speech to the congress that denounces him to death, he states that either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another (Plato, p. 8). His reasoning for this view is that death will free him from judgment associated with his present life, and seize him to face judgment by the true judges outside of the present world. He states that once he dies, he would be able to converse with Orpheus and Musaeus and Hesiod and homer? Nay if this be true, let me die again and again (Plato, p. 8). This again re-iterates the fact that Socrates feels that his death sentence should not be seen as a enceinte or painful event. Furthermore, Socrates other view on death is that if it is anything like a sleep in which there was no disturbances by dreams, any integrity would agree that it is a pleasant state of being (Plate, p. 8).In the reports of EpicurusPrincipal Doctrines,we are introduced to his distinct views on death. His reason for not fearing death is the absence of suffering if one does not suffer done death, then one sh wholly not buzz off a reason to fear death. Everyone is either a unrecorded or dead, death does not cause suffering to the existing since we are not yet dead, and death does not cause suffering to the dead simply because they are dead and hasten no feelings (Epicurus, pp.26-28)1.Therefore, fear should only be present if one undergoes suffering, and since one does not experience suffering during death, then death should not be feared.When canvass both philosophers, it is evident that Socrates view of death is more credible than Epicurus. In Socrates view of death, there are two possible outcomes, either eternal sleep or an afterlife. Socrates provides possible ends to post death, whereas Epicurus definition is perplex and draws several questions, such as his classification of pleasure and justice.As with most philosophers, Socrates views werent shy of criticism. Most critics of his work question the idea whether an after-life may even exist. It is easy to diminish such an argument since Socrates was never concrete about his view of the after-life, he himself thought of a possibility of a death without an after-life. To this, Socrates ar gues that if there were no after-life, it would be a state of nothingness, and would be a state of eternal sleep which would be as enjoyable as an afterlife, enjoyed in the same sense as much as a dreamless sleep is enjoyed. Another criticism to Socrates work is by the author Thomas Nagel in his writing Death. In his writing Nagel criticizes Socrates view of a conclusive life stating that death cuts short the ability of the great unwashed to live a just life as eagle-eyed as possible, and asks the question if one were to achieve a just life, wouldnt they want to achieve it for as long as possible. Socrates replies stating that if it was truly a just life, it would be fulfilling regardless of the amount of time.In contrast, Epicurus rebuttals to his critics are not as concrete as Socrates. Epicurus perception of death creates confusion in regard to his idea of pleasure and justice. He had stated in his context that it is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and h onorably and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and honorably and justly without living pleasantly (Epicurus, p. 26). Hence, Epicurus definition of justice lies in the pleasure of the majority of people. His belief had only risen among his own thoughts and not others since he based the affiliation between justice, pleasure, honour and wisdom on the single supposition that the majority of people would reciprocate these same beliefs, yet not everyone feels the same.Epicurus design of justice can be closely related to the Holocaust, also known as World state of war II. The persuasive Adolf Hitler took charge of the destruction during this time period by compelling the majority of the country to absorb his political views as he governed that it was the best for all of them. Hitlers forceful method is seen as plausible through Epicurus theory, since the greater part of the country found pleasure in his views in thinking that they were prospering the country. Epicurus justifies the tactual sensation of murder by inducing rationality into the picture, the more rational one thinks, then the more logical they will act, hence preventing deadly acts from occurring. Hitler had solely relied on swaying people into believing that his path was the only rational path that can lead their country justice. Epicurus too fell on this proposition in exploitation only raw thoughts to conclude his theory that his definition of justice and pleasure would be consented amongst everyone. Culture, religion and society all influence a psyches perception on the simplest fixations. From this notion, it is evident to see that Epicurus proposal of allowing rationality to claim superiority over murderous intention is a result of his unproven beliefs. Epicurus was too nave in thinking that everyone would side on his definition of justice and pleasure, concluding him with an imprecise theory. Residing on purely rationality does not validate Epicurus theory of justice and pleasure, fo r anyone can rationalize any means of destruction through their own perception. As mentioned before, there are several concepts that are taken into consideration when a person performs an act, and depending on just one thought is not an erroneous way to justify a theory.considering the complexity of the human mind and Therefore, purely assuming that through rational thinking, murderous thought can be eliminated is not so simple, for human minds are too complex for such a generalization to have effect.In comparison to both perspective of Socrates and Epicurus, Socrates had a more justifiable and plausible method to his beliefs, hence making it more persuasive that Epicurus. Socrates had a unshakable foundation and a reasonable definition to his idea, whereas Epicurus simply presumed on rational thinking to motive his beliefs. Therefore in my opinion I would choose Socrates, for her had a realistic ground by taking into consideration the complexity of the human mind and addressing bo th possibilities to our end.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Colonialism

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of ColonialismThe compoundism has a pass around of advantages and disadvantages which will be explore in this essay but before going to that allow go what colonialism is a lot about. Colonialism is the total control or governing influence of nation over a dependent country or mountain or condition of being colonial. The colonized countries were mostly Africans because of the way they lived and behave so the colonizers were using the excuse of them non civilized and religious. But the colonial master aim was to exploit the colony economy and move them to their country making the colony depend on them. The disadvantages of colonialism is far more than its advantages, the main advantage is the refinement while the disadvantage is the economic dependent. But let talk of the advantages before its disadvantages.Advantages of ColonialismHowever, the advantages are the stop of cleanup twins especially among the Igbos and the reason behind the killing o f them was the beliefs which says is against nature and inherently evil just because it rare occurrence. So when the colonial know came it was seen as an act of early age practice, which needed to be halt because, is in human. Also the equality among the men and women in a public opinion with education for e reallyone in Christian theology and academic field. In limited the education because is the best aspect of the colonialism, most of early age people were not educated, dress themselves with leaves hunt nutrition in forest and so on. why education is important part of colonialism is that it brings about civilization because when the people are educated they will definitely be civilize and the country too because they two work together. Also the newborn and toddler deaths that were dealt with because the death of young children and infants were seriously occurring and the Africans do not know the cause of them more or less forestall or remediation it because of lack of educ ation, so the coming of the colonizers help the Africans to solve the problem.Also, the way women were cover uped by sexism and violence was stopped, they were treated wish property to the men, they were not allow to speak in public nor listen to their opinion and they were harass by the men. So when the colonial maters came they saw that as an act of immorality because both men and women are humans with equal rights and they stopped it too. Another advantage is the development from the colonizers such as infrastructure that is electricity, telecoms roads and water which impacted a lot to African people because all this were not in advanced in the country. And in the field of medicine is was very important because the infants death was cure through it, the African people now buy preserved food which are manufactured with development in agri civilisation, mining and manufacturing which stopped the hunting of food because they hunt before they can eat. All this happen with the help of modern farming methods and food security that were invented to the country. There was excessively development in regime livery democracy system of government which is to make everyone vote and be voted for. There were trade opportunities making the African people to have access to outside(a) trade around the world which expose them to other ways of trading. There are advantages but nearly of the important ones were explored in the essay.Disadvantages of ColonialismMoreover, the disadvantage are far more than the advantages been through with the advantages let move on to the disadvantages. There was loss of culture because the colonial masters were trying to bring their ways of life, behave and culture making the African cultures to go down living their own ways. The African way was the consignment to the royal rulers with members of parliament and followers among the ethnics groups but the coming of the colonial masters made them to have complete loss of culture. With that happening it brought about lack of respect for Africans traditions with submission to the colonizers ways and behavior. Another disadvantage is the lost of gain which were forcefully collected from Africans with guns on their heads making them to have nothing on their own and some of them are with families to feed but for their lives they have to let go of the land which were given to the Europeans un Africa. On snatching those lands making them homeless and struggling to survive the colonial masters imposed tax on them which forced the Africa to work for some of the colonizers settling in Africa to enable them pay the taxes which made them loss ownership in general of their land. With that there were more and more settlers in Africa which was making them to be exposing to new diseases such as ablepsy, malarial fever, yellow fever, malnutrition and so on. Those diseases were also killing the Africans because they are yet to develop medically to know what those diseases are and to treat them. There was economic dependent before the colonial masters came they were managing their economy and the recourses the way they came without having problem but when the colonizers came they started exploiting the recourses to their country.Furthermore, the Africas economy was very good but they do not exploit what they cannot use, knowing this by the colonial masters they decided to come and exploit using the excuse of not civilize and religious on doing that it makes the Africans to depend on them when the land is owned by them. There was also the dominant class that is the ones to rule them with the aid of the rulers and also spy on Africans to know whether they are doing what they are asked which made them called the natives savages that is uncivilized people. At that time the living conditions in Africa changed a lot with the forced culture imposed on them bringing their own ways making the people to be westernized that are dressing, clothing, behavior and act of doing everything in their ways. There was also slave trading Africans were carried from their homes to the colonial masters country to go and work for them and also fight in wars for them which when they will come back they will only given recommendation but if it is their countrymen they were treating them like they fought actively than the Africans while they know it was not so. Also lack of moral compass that is not been concern with rules of right conduct within the determined directions by colonial masters and paying allegiance to them.Finally, some of this disadvantages are still in existing in Africa especially Nigeria because we are still paying the loyalty to the colonial masters. There are more disadvantages but the little of them was explored in the essay and as for the advantages it really has impacted a lot on African people. In medical field the African people are trying their possible best to be like the colonizers, most of the diseases in Africa are from them such as meas les, malaria and recently Hiv/Aids but both the colonizers and their colony are working on the treatment. In Nigeria colonialism ended when it got is independent which a lot has correctd such areas are industries, mining, gardening and so on but the first two are the one focused on making agriculture to go down which is not suppose to be so because Nigeria is a fertile land. So if agriculture is given attention too will also improve the economy of the country because there are both political and economical instability in the country so the only way is to improve in more aspect of the economy and they should also be a nationalist in whole Africa to make it a better continent. The advantages and disadvantages of colonialism is a very good aspect of history because it made someone to know what happened in the past and what is still happening in the country.

The bioprocess of yogurt

The bio sour of yogurtAbstractThis report discusses the bioprocess of manufacturing yogurt on an industrial outgo. On a industrial scale the procedure for yoghurt labor follows preparation and standardization of take out, Pasteurization, homogenization, Cooling to incubation temperature for inoculation with churl goal, tempestuousness, post- excitement sermon i.e. adding additive such as flavouring, fruit admittance, refrigeration and packaging. In examining for each one dance step and identifying limitation, improvements in the general procedure have been suggested. Some improvements include ensuring correct standardization of take out i.e. yoghurt standard table of contents ar met, changes in technique used to alter fat content, effective wake up treatments to kill off unwanted organisms, verification of fermentation process to give and starter polish used in inoculation provides high yields, handling is limited to avoid contamination of and damage to the final prod uct. cornerstoneYoghurt is one of the most popular dairy products consumed worldwide and is made principally on the bacterial fermentation of draw. The word is from the Turkish Yogen, meaning thick. Originating in the slopes of Mount Elbrus the discovery of yoghurt was by complete chance when a Turkish nomads pitcher of take out was contaminated by some organism that thrived in warm milk. Since then yoghurt has been produced and consumed worldwide for at least 5 400 years and continues to be one of the most nutritious foods proving unique nutritionary value to the consumer.Yoghurt is produced when a lactic virulent bacterial starter gloss is used to ferment the sugar Lactose found in milk to Lactic Acid which then acts on the protein to give yogurt its characteristic texture and form. Dairy yoghurt is produced using a mixed finis of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococci thermophilus bacteria.Although the consistency, flavour and aroma may vary from one region to an young (prenominal), the basic ingredients and manufacturing process be essentially consistent.The general manufacturing procedure includesAdjusting milk composition and addition of other ingredient to meet the required Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in terms of fat and non-fat content.Pasteurization of milk to kill unwanted bacteriahomogenisation of milk to ensure uniform compositionCooling of milk to optimum starter culture incubation temperatureFermentation of milk by addition of starter cultureAddition of flavours and fruitStorage and packagingThe implantation of this general manufacturing procedure is seen in the production of Yoplait yogurt (as seen in the flowchart below).Preparation of milkIn the production of yoghurt a variety of milk do-nothing be busy whole fat, semi-skimmed milk or low fat milk, the grammatical case of milk used depends upon the font of yoghurt one intends to produce. However, one of the main importance when considering the type used is the absence of a ny material (disinfectant) or organisms that exit hinder or prevent the growth of the starter organism, for example, bacteriophages which are a group of virus that can tone-beginning the starter organism causing highly long periods of incubation (Moralee, 2002).When the milk arrives at the plant, its composition is altered before any further processing can be completed. This standardization process usually involves increasing the total solids content and decreasing the fat content. The fat content is reduced by a process termed centrifugation. Centrifugation is a separation process normally used in the industrial treatment of milk. In this process the centrifugal force is utilized to separate insoluble from the liquids thereby resulting in the fat globules separating from the appease of the milk suspension. The milk should be kept at temperature of 40oC before entering the centrifuge (Costa Goomes, 2008). The lower the fat content the higher the lactose levels (Carpers, 2005) h ence weighed tear the fat content will be in effect(p) when the milk later undergoes fermentation. Several methods can be used to raise the solid contents in milk evaporation, addition of skim milk powder, addition of milk concentrates etc. In industrial yoghurt manufacturing, the solids content of yogurt is often adjusted higher up the 8.25% minimum (Food and drug administration, 1999). Commonly the standard solids content is accession to 16% with 1-5% being fat and 11-14% being solid non-fat (SNF). Increasing the dry matter contents (solid non milk fat) not only improves the nutritional value of the yoghurt, but also provides a thicker, firmer and fuller bodied to the finshed yoghurt (Watson, 2004).ImprovementsEvaporation of milk prior to the fermentation process for concentrated milk (higher non-fat solid content) is utilized in order to give a better body and texture to the yoghurt. Due to the ever spiralling naught costs, the increase in cost of concentrating milk is con gruous prohibitive ( Moralee, 2002). Consequently, larger manufacturing plants have begun replace the evaporation method with a new technique cognize as fortification. Fortification is the addition of dried milk solids to the base of milk prior to inoculation (Moralee, 2002). Several mercantile yoghurt manufacturing plants are fortifying the base milk with a cocktail of milk and non milk solids (Smith, 2002). The addition of stabilizers may also be employed to improve the body of the yogurts as they increase the firmness and viscosity, preventing separation of the milk whey liquid remaining after milk has been curdled, from the yoghurt, a problem know as syneresis (Watson dairy consulting, 2007). This is achieved with their ability to form gel structures in water and as a result leaving behind less free water for syneresis. Stabilizers are more great in yoghurt produced commercially as yoghurt mix has to be pumped, stirred, fruited and filled and will often break down to a runny liquid without the addition of stabilisers (Watson, 2004). The amount of beneficial stabilizers to be added to the yoghurt form is required to be determined simply through batch sampling experimentation by each manufacturer as Too much stabiliser and the yoghurt can take on a rubbery texture, far in like manner much stabiliser and the yoghurt can become a hard solid mass (Moralee, 2002). Some stabilizers used in yoghurt manufacturing include gelatins, gums (locust bean, guar), pectins, and starch.PasteurizationGenerally the fresh milk obtained from sanguine animals is either beneficial or harmless, however, changes when improperly handled, or deterioration of the animals health can create conditions in which the bacteria are able to multiply. The large forepart of unknown organisms in the raw milk would make the fermentation too unreliable and unpredictable for commercial operations (Csutak, 2005). Pasteurization is the process by which heat treatment to each particle of milk a t relatively high temperature for a specified period of time is capable of killing off baneful bacteria for example pathogens, and improve the fund quality of milk by inactivating certain undesirable enzymes and spoilage bacteria (Watson 2007). Typical temperatures for milk pasteurisation are 85-95oC for 20-30minutes (Smith 2002). This technique of heat treatment is also successful in achieving a more stable gel as it denatures the whey (serum) proteins. Furthermore, high heat treatment can also ensure little competition from spoilage organisms providing a much better environment for grown of starter organisms later in the process. It is important that the pasteurization of the milk occurs before addition of starter cultures as this ensures they act as prebiotics remain active in yoghurt after fermentation (moralee, 2002).ImprovementsWhilst pasteurization of the milk is effective in destroying microorganisms, improper handling after pasteurization can recontaminate the milk (Broc k, 2005). Several safe handling practices can be employed such as sterilised equipment should be used, preferable stainless steel utensils as these are more easy to clean and durable, pure water streams should be utilize when cleansing to prevent any contamination, rapid cooling to almost 5oC or less and storage in closed vessels before and after pasteurization to ensure unaltered quality and flavour of milk (Brock, 2005).Pasteurization can be a continuous or batch process, however, commercially it is better in continuous stirring vessels as this continuous agitation ensures every particle of milk including the foam receives the minimum heat treatment. The temperature within each vessel should be monitored with an accurate metal or glass thermometer (Smith P, 1981).Apart from utilising pasteurization, Ultra-high temperature (UHT) is another type of heat treatment that is currently being employed. In this type of processing organisms are destroyed destroy more effectively by heating the mixture for a shorter period of time, approximately 1-2 seconds, at an extremely high temperature exceeding 135oC (Dairy acquirement and Technology, 2007). UHT treatment essentially sterilizes the milk and allows it to be stored at room temperature for up to 8 weeks with out change in flavour (Brock, 2005).HomogenizationIn the commercial production of yoghurt milk is always virtually homogenize prior to fermentation in order to give a uniform product. Homogenization of milk aids in the prevention of cream that is, the fat from rising to the surface during the fermentation process. Using a homogenizer or viscolizer fat globules are broken down into much smaller and more evenly dispersed particles and subsequently producing a much smoother and creamier end product (Watson, 2007). When milk enters a homogenizer it is force through small orifices at extremely high pressures breaking down globules as a result of the high shearing forces and dispersing the fat evenly throughout the milk which prohibits the fat from rising to the top of the container (Steane, 2008). Milk mixtures are typically homogenized under pressures of 2000-2500 psi (Moralee, 2002). Additionally this process also prevents wheying off during the incubation and storage stage thus enhancing the stability and consistency of the yoghurt. Once the homogenized mixture has been cooled to the optimum growth temperature, the starter culture is added. It is important for the mixture to be cooled to a typical temperature of approximately 45oC for inoculation as temperatures higher than this may kill off culture (Watson, 2007).Following the cooling of milk to a temperature of 40-45oC, the milk is inoculated with a fermentation culture. The main starter cultures for yoghurt production are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment the lactose, sugars found in milk, to produce lactic acid.C12H22O11 + water ? 4 C3H6O3 Lactose Lactic AcidThe increase in lactic acid production corresponds to a decrease in pH levels and causes the milk to clot, or form the soft gel curd that is characteristic of yogurt. The fermentation of lactose also produces flavour compounds, acetaldehyde, that are characteristic of yogurt. The lactic acid levels can be metric by simply performing a titration with sodium hydroxide. The current minimum standards for yoghurt manufacturing require a value of at least 0.9% acidity and a pH of about 4.4 (Food and drug administration, 1999). The fermented milk is typically incubated in large sealed vats in a temperature controlled environment, temperature is monitored carefully to maintain at a temperature optimum for starter culture growth. Inoculation typically occurs at a rate of 0.5-5% (Watson, 2007). When the desired acidity, that is pH level of about 4.4 is reached, rapid cooling to approximately 7 oC is effected in order to stop the fermentation process. It is vital to note that too long or too sho rt a fermentation process will produce a product that is inferior in either its flavour or texture. Too long fermentation will give other organisms the change to become established, with the associated risks of off flavours and smells (Morale, 2002).In the commercial production of yoghurt, emphasis is not only on the fermentation ability but also on characteristics imparted by the lactic acid cultures. For satisfactory performance the starter culture must be capable of rapid acid production, flavouring of yoghurt, production o full body and texture yoghurt. The determination of whether the starter culture activity is satisfactory or not is determined by direct microscopic counts of culture slides stained with methylene blue (Smith, 2002). In doing so there is also the benefit of observing the physiological state of the cultured cells. The lactic starter culture used for yoghurt production is thermophillic has an optimum temperature of 42oC. The two cultures (Lactobacillus and strept ococcus thermophillus) can be grown independently however, there is a higher rate of acid production when used in together (mixed strain), that is that make use of each others metabolites in order to effect the acid production efficiency. Streptococcus thermophilus grows at a faster rate producing carbon dioxide and lactic acid. The formate along with the carbon dioxide stimulates the growth of Lactobacillus (Smith, 2002). During fermentation the yoghurt mixture coagulates when the pH level drops. The streptococci are liable for the initial pH drop of the yogurt mix to approximately 5.0. The lactobacilli are responsible for a further decrease to pH 4.5 (Steane, 2008). Inoculation of lactic starter cultures with yoghurt milk produces lactic acid, acetaldehyde and acetic acid.Improvements-As mentioned above when selecting the type of milk used in manufacture of yoghurt it is important for the milk to possess a low bacteria count, be free from sanitizing chemicals, rancid milk and hav e no contamination by bacteriophages. Serious economic losses in the yoghurt industry have been attributed to phage attack (Smith, 2004). Accompanying the decrease in texture and flavour, bacteriophage attacks decreases the rate of acid production. Large scale manufacturers typically have laboratory facilities to check incoming milk to eliminate the possibilities of other starter inhibiting substances (Moralee, 2002), however, the presence of bacteriophages is always a risk. Large manufacturers Phage are usually found in the drains and floor gullies of a dairy producing any cultured product, poor hygiene and a lack of general housekeeping increase the risk (Dairy Science Technology, 2007). Thus in order to reduce the possibility of bacteriophage present strict sanitation procedures would ensure prevention of phage attack (Smith, 2004). This include hand-washing between each handling, sterile tanks, floors and bench surface. sAlso, since the starter culture is one of the most critic al ingredients in yoghurt manufacture synchrony of rate of acid production and plant production schedules is extremely vital. For example, if frozen cultures are used then a longer incubation period of approximately 5 hours at 43oC is required for acid production (Smith 2002). Similarly as noted above, maintenance of temperature is extremely important for starter culture. This is because if the temperature of incubation is too low, culture grows at such a slow rate that it is unable to adequately acidify milk and to achieve a good texture vice versa if the temperature is too high the culture is killed.Traditionally, when the lactic acid starter culture is grown in a suitable medium, small quantities will be extracted to inoculate each new batch of yoghurt. This is commonly referred to as using bulk starter. However, due to the high risk of bacteriophage infections and the delay in time when each new batch is prepared, employment of bulk starter is becoming increasingly uncommon am ongst commercial producers (Smith, 2002). A new technique referred to as DVI (Direct Vat Inoculation) is fast becoming the most preferred choice which involves inoculating the yoghurt mix directly with a very large number of freeze dried starter organisms (Watson,2007). regular(a) though there may be a longer incubation time, relative immunity to phage attack makes this a more safe plectron for manufacturing plants to ensure production of yoghurt is efficient every time.The design of the container in which the fermentation process is carried out in can also improve the process. commercially there has been a shift in design of cone butt joint processers to facilitate the draining of relatively viscous fluids after incubation (Carpers, 2005). Critical step in the fermentation process is the maintenance of the optimum temperature for growth of starter cultures hence well insulted incubation vats should be utilized.Addition of fruit and PackagingAt this stage fruits and addition desi red flavours may be added at or prior to filling preformed pots. Common additives include, fruit flavours, colouring agents, sweetening agents. Depending on the type of yoghurt, the above fermentation process may occur before this addition of fruit or after. For example, in set style yoghurt fruit is added to the bottom of the cup and inoculated yoghurt is poured over the top, the fermentation takes place within the cup. For stirred yoghurt, the fruit is blended with the cooled ferment yoghurt and yoghurt texture can be made smoother by pumping it through a cone before packaging (Moralee, 2002). The yoghurt is refrigerated until it is required for package and transportation.Conclusion-In undertaking an engineering analysis of the bioprocess of yoghurt and exploring each step carefully it can be seen that although yoghurt follows a general manufacturing procedure. The bioprocess of yoghurt production involves preparation of milk, followed by pasteurisation and homogenisation of the m ilk, cooling down period, then inoculation with a lactic acid bacterial starter culture to ferment the milk. Measurement of acid production measures the success in fermenting milk. Additions of fruit and other additives are added just prior to storage and packaging. The exploitation of the fact that milk contains the sugar lactose, and when undergoing fermentation with a starter culture produces lactic acid, allows observation of how yoghurt is produced. The production of yoghurt on an industrial scale requires great improvement in the handling of the mixture to ensure no contamination, choice of raw materials will greatly affect the final product, employing a successful method to obtain a starter culture that is free from unwanted materials and operation in fermentation vats that give efficient outcomes.ReferencesCarpers S, 2005 , http//www.natmedtalk.com/nutrition/4933-lactose-higher-fat-content-lower-lactose.html, viewed 14/04/10Driessen, F. M., Ubbels, J., and Stadhouders, J., C ontinuous manufacture of yogurt. I. Optimal conditions and kinetics of the prefermentation process, Biotech. Bioeng., 19, 821, 1977Ed Excel Foundation, http//www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed on the 24/04/10).J Scott Smith Yiy Hui, 2002, Food processing principles and applications, pg 297-319John Watson, 2007, http//www.dairyconsultant.co.uk/si-yoghurt.php, viewed 13/04/10Neil Moralee, 2002,http//www.cip.ukcentre.com/yogurt.htm, viewed 13/04/10Savello, 1998, http//www.patentstorm.us/patents/5762989/description.html viewed 28/04/10Tamime, A. Y. and Deeth, H. C. yogurt technology and biochemistry, J. Food Protection, 43, 939, 1980.Wang S, 2000, http//www.eng.umd.edu/nsw/ench485/lab8.htm, viewed 28/04/10Brock C, 2005, http//www.fcs.msue.msu.edu/ff/pdffiles/foodsafety2.pdf, viewed 25/04/10Steane R, 2008, http//www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed 17/04/10

Philosophy: Bertrand Russell vs William James Essay -- essays research

Bertrand Russell discussed genuine problems he found with philosophy. Russell was concerned about how much did we really know. There is the stuff we know with our melodic theme when we take in a particular idea, and stuff we know through actually experiencing it which would relieve it. But how do we know if it is real, or even there, for that matter? Russell says, For if we cannot be sure of the independent existence of object, we cannot be sure of the independent existence of another(prenominal) peoples bodies, and therefore still less of other peoples minds, since we have no grounds for believing in their minds except such as be derived from observing their bodies (Russell, 47). How can Farmer Brown be sure that the dairyman just didnt have an idea that the cow was there. Farmer Brown wants more than just an idea in order to feel safe that his shekels cow is still there. Another problem Russell would have with the cow in the country is the nature of the matter. Rus sell says we have knowledge of legality and knowledge of things. Knowledge of truth is propositional knowledge or what were most certain in through mastermind experience. Russell says, But we cannot hope to be acquainted directly with the quality in the physical objects which makes it blue or red. Science tells us this quality is a certain sort of wave motion, and this sounds familiar, because we think of wave motions in the space we suck in (Russell, 52). What he is saying that the dairy man has had direct experience with the cow, he know... Philosophy Bertrand Russell vs William James Essay -- essays research Bertrand Russell discussed certain problems he found with philosophy. Russell was concerned about how much did we really know. There is the stuff we know with our mind when we have a particular idea, and stuff we know through actually experiencing it which would justify it. But how do we know if it is real, or even there, for that matter? Russell says , For if we cannot be sure of the independent existence of object, we cannot be sure of the independent existence of other peoples bodies, and therefore still less of other peoples minds, since we have no grounds for believing in their minds except such as are derived from observing their bodies (Russell, 47). How can Farmer Brown be sure that the dairyman just didnt have an idea that the cow was there. Farmer Brown wants more than just an idea in order to feel safe that his prize cow is still there. Another problem Russell would have with the cow in the field is the nature of the matter. Russell says we have knowledge of truth and knowledge of things. Knowledge of truth is propositional knowledge or what were most certain in through direct experience. Russell says, But we cannot hope to be acquainted directly with the quality in the physical objects which makes it blue or red. Science tells us this quality is a certain sort of wave motion, and this sounds familiar, because we think of wave motions in the space we see (Russell, 52). What he is saying that the dairy man has had direct experience with the cow, he know...

Shabanu Essay :: essays research papers

Shabanu EssayIn the novel Shabanu, by Suzanne Fisher Staples, women are portrayed in two distinct ways obedient and rebellious. The obedient women would include Phulan, Mama, and Auntie. Rebellious women would consist of Sharma, Fatima, and, of course, Shabanu. The protagonist Shabanu, portrays herself as a rebellious woman. Shabanu constantly disobeys her father. In the starting signal of the novel, Shabanu attempts to retrieve her camel Mithoo so he will not be harmed by Tipu, another camel. Dadi tells her No s incessantlyal times but she insists. Dadi is furious, ?Don?t ever disobey me? (27). Dadi shakes her so hard that her head flies back and fourth. Shabanu gets home and while she is making chapaties Auntie says to her, ?Shabanu, you are wild as the wind, you must notice to obey. Otherwise?I am afraid for you? (28). Another example of Shabanu?s rebelliousness is when she throws water on the landlord. Nazir Muhammad and his men say the want to ?claim? Shabanu and her sister, Phulan. Shabanu becomes repel and decides to throw her head forward, causing the water jug on her head to spill over the embankment and Nazir Muhammad.Sharma, Shabanu?s aunt, is a very rebellious woman as well. Sharma is described as bold, ?Most men don?t like her and are afraid of her? (98). Sharma give cares about Shabanu and tries to look out for her. Although Sharma had no intentions of causing Shabanu danger, she gave her about very dangerous advice. ?You try to make him happy so he can?t bare to be away from you a single moment. If he treats you badly, come stay with us? (209). Auntie, unlike Sharma and Shabanu, portrays an obedient woman, with morals. Auntie is traditional, and often criticizes Mama for having no sons in the family. ?If God had blessed you with sons, we wouldn?t have to dash our fingers over wedding dresses? (3). Auntie looks down on Shabanu for being ?boy like?. ?A young lady shouldn?t go with her headdress uncovered. You?re too old to act like a boy? (3 3).Mama is obedient as well. Mama slaps Shabanu as a consequence to non-traditional views. Mama accepts that Dadi takes care of the ?manly? problems such as the selling of the camels. Being the man, Dadi also takes care of the dangerous situations, like getting grandpa after the sandstorm.